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It is well known that different road features contribute to the likelihood and severity of crashes. Changing or upgrading these road features may reduce risk. This case study is one of a series carried out on roads in the UK to demonstrate a process of road assessment and crash reduction where Crash Risk Mapping can guide a selective Star Rating process.

The information detailed in this Case Study has been provided by RSI ‘Panos Mylonas’. The National Road 90 or North Road Axis of Crete (NRAC) is located on the island of Crete (South of Greece) and extends from one end of the island to the other (Kissamos to Sitia).

The information detailed in this case study has been provided by RSI ‘Panos Mylonas’. National Road 51 is also part of the European Network (E-85) and is the road connecting Egnatia Odos (E-90) with Bulgaria, at the north-eastern side of Greece.

The information detailed in this Case Study has been provided by RSI ‘Panos Mylonas’. Material in this case study is derived from the SENSoR study and as part of capitalisation of that project1 foreseen in the SLAIN proposal (section 2.2).

This case study, provided by RSI ‘Panos Mylonas’, shows how Crash Risk Mapping guides selective iRAP Star Rating on Greece’s 45 km NR‑27 between Itea and Bralos.

This case study concerns the Zagreb bypass, motorway A3 section from junction Jakuševec to junction Ivanja Reka (Figure 1) where a Star Rating for Design Plans has been conducted.

The roads and road sections selected for this Case study are a part of the Croatian TEN-T road network. These include three motorway sections (motorways A6, A8, and A9) and the state road D8 section.

This case study focuses on TEN-T road network sections in Croatia selected as a priority for analysis because they had the highest individual risk rates determined by Crash Risk Mapping protocol.

This case study has been supplied by FPZ. Based on the network-wide assessment using the Crash Risk Mapping methodology already performed, high risk road sections were identified. The subject of this study is the state road D8 section: Slano – Sustjepan which was selected based on relatively high risk rates determined by the Crash Risk Mapping protocol.

The information detailed in this case study has been provided by Anas. The case study shows a reduction in risk after implementation of maintenance and some additional measures added during that process.

The information detailed in this Case Study has been provided by ANAS. The case study shows how a traditional crash “before and after” study on part of a network may be informed and enriched by the use of complementary iRAP data.

The information detailed in this case study has been provided by ANAS. The case study shows how a traditional crash “before and after” study on part of a network may be informed and enriched by the use of complementary iRAP data.

This case study, provided by DGT, outlines the N‑IV road—originally a single carriageway from Madrid to Cádiz—now mostly upgraded to the A‑4 highway under Spanish national authority.

The information detailed in this Case Study has been provided by DGT. The road A-318 is located in Cordova province (South of Spain) and connects A-92 highway (near Seville/Cordoba provinces border) and N-432 road. The road authority in charge is “Junta de Andalucía”, which is part of the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spain).

The information detailed in this case study has been provided by GenCat. It describes the identification of a road section suitable for the installation of a 2+1 lane configuration with a central median and comparison of potential treatment scenarios.

The information detailed in this case study has been provided by GenCat. It describes the effect of installing a 2+1 lane configuration with a median barrier and how the iRAP Star Rating protocol can be a valuable tool for testing the potential effectiveness of any planned countermeasure before it is actually implemented.

The information detailed in this Case Study was provided by DGT. The A-375 road is located in the South of Spain and connects Utrera city with the A-384 highway (near Puerto Serrano town). The road authority is “Junta de Andalucía”, which is part of the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spain).

This case study, provided by DGT, examines a section of the A‑4 highway between Córdoba and Seville, selected for analysis due to crash risk and safety concerns identified through mapping and local data.

The information detailed in this Case Study has been provided by DGT. The road N-630 is an undivided carriageway road which connects Merida with Seville in the West of Spain. The responsible road authority is “Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana”, which is part of Spanish National Government.

This case study shows how Star Rating maps, Safer Roads Investment Plans (SRIPS) and tools within the iRAP software platform ViDA maps may be used to guide site selection for 2+1 roads with a median barrier.

This case study examines how design affects the Star Rating Score (SRS), which determines road safety levels (1–5 stars). It shows how SR4D can assess road safety before construction by evaluating design elements and user risk.

Sweden’s 2+1 wire rope median design has cut head-on crashes, reducing fatalities and serious injuries by 50% and injury crashes by 21%.

Government of Haryana, MG Motor and TRAX are developing a safer culture around schools through road upgrades, research and training involving students, teachers and the community, supported by SR4S.

IndiaRAP used star ratings to track road safety improvements, including projects on SH-20 (Karnataka), SH-55 (Gujarat), and safer road design in Mumbai.

RADAR is a €2.15 million project to improve road infrastructure safety across 12 countries in the Danube region. The 3-year Risk Assessment on Danube Area Roads (RADAR) project is being run by the Slovenia-based European Institute of Road Assessment (EIRA).

The majority of roads assessed in India rate 1- and 2-star for safety, indicating a significant level of risk. It is estimated that more than 80,000 deaths and serious injuries occur each year on this road network and there is a potential of halving this by implementing affordable safety treatments.

In Britain, there were more than 153,158 reported road casualties in 2019. Societal costs equate to 1.7% of Gross Domestic Product. The Road Safety Foundation (RSF) systematically measures and maps 53,000km of motorways and A roads each year to performance track the safety of Britain’s roads.

Launched in 2008, ChinaRAP is a collaboration between iRAP and the Research Institute of Highway (RIOH), Ministry of Transport (MoT). It is now a world-leader saving lives and serious injuries through 3-star or better road infrastructure improvements.

An Asian Development Bank (ADB) report reveals that a major road safety project in Shaanxi, China, reduced deaths by 33% and injuries by 53% on 850km of roads. This translates to 32 lives and 868 injuries saved annually.

The Cooroy to Curra section of Queensland’s Bruce Highway in Australia used to be one of the deadliest highway stretches in the country. It is now one of the safest, improving from a 2-star safety rating to 4- and (20%) 5-star, following a State and Federal Government funded upgrade.

Road traffic injury is the leading cause of death for children and young adults aged 5-29 years. Around 1.35 million people die and up to 50 million are injured every year (WHO, 2018). Discover the safer roads and solutions saving lives and preventing serious injuries around the world through  our Google visual story.

In 2011-2012, with support from the World Bank GRSF, the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways star rated about 6,000 km of national highways. Most roads were in the one- and two-star categories for all road users. As is common in Southeast Asia, pedestrians, bicyclists and local motorcyclists are at most risk.

As at December 2023, 1.8 million kilometres of Crash Risk Mapping and 1.8 million kilometres of Star Ratings of roads and designs (including 1,356 schools), have been performed by iRAP partners in 125 countries, informing the safety of over 100 billion USD of road infrastructure investments. 69,000 people have been trained. We are so proud to share the inspirational work of our 30,000 partners.

AUD$560 million program funded by the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) and implemented by the Department of Transport. Roadside barriers, continuous median barriers, wide centrelines driven by proactive Safe System approach and improved AusRAP ratings. 77% reduction in fatalities. Star Ratings lifted from 2.9 to 4.5.

Project implemented on road connecting to the Escondida copper mine. Management of use employee transport to and from the mine and upgrades informed by iRAP assessments.  Length 3-stars or better increased from 76% to 91%.

The modelled expected results from SRF 1, 2 and 3 are impressive, with the £200 million investment (with additional life operating and maintenance costs of a further £25 million) preventing an estimated 2,600 fatal and serious injuries over the next 20 years, with a value of prevention of injuries of £1.2bn.

Project implemented by Department of Highways (DOH). Severe bus crash in 2015 led to roadside and median barriers installed. Deaths reduced by 100% (0 deaths after) and improved from 2-stars to 4-stars.

Since 2010, IDB has financed 27,600 km of road assessments all over Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB has included Star Ratings in its road transport operations as an indicator for road safety improvement. Between 2010 and 2018, the IDB invested USD$880 million in road infrastructure along the Pacific Corridor, resulting in an increase in the share of 3-star ratings for all road users.

Implemented by the City of Bogota, GRSF, and BIGRS. Informed by Star Ratings, upgrades and reduced speed limits in 10 arterial roads. Deaths down 22%.
6,410+ potential deaths and serious injuries to be prevented over 20 years.

Project implemented by Karnataka Government and World Bank. Multi-dimension approach: leadership, enforcement, training, communication, upgrades informed by iRAP assessments. Fatalities reduced by 54%. 54 lives saved per year and 124 injuries avoided per year. Increase in length rated 3-stars or better.

Urgent fixes to the Vodice bypass will prevent 14 deaths and serious injuries and lift star ratings to 3 stars or better.

The SLAIN project results comprise the means for enabling partners to accomplish a common view and approach in deploying road assessment tools and to build on the material to support the discussions of both Directive 2008/96/EC and CCAM Single Platform.

Reviewing road design standards, doing road safety audits, specifying minimum star ratings and applying safe system principles are proven to save lives.

How Star Rating maps, Safer Roads Investment Plans (SRIPs) and tools withing the iRAP software platform ViDA maps may be used to guide site selection for 2+1 roads with a median barrier.

How improvements to roads and roadsides can reduce serious injury and in particular the use of the 2+1 with wire rope median as used in Sweden.

How improvements to roads and roadsides can reduce serious injury and in particular the use of the 2+1 with wire rope median as used in Sweden and an example on Road No. 21 near Vanneberga in the south of that country.

A 5-Star target for bicycling and walking and other road users can help provide an objective target and measure of safe and sustainable transport options for all transport modes.

A Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW) Case Study from Australia has shared the livesaving success of road safety improvements on the Oxley Highway which have reduced all severity crashes by 53 per cent and fatal motorcycle crashes by 67 per cent.

Transport for NSW used AusRAP to determine the highest risk sections of road to be prioritised for upgrades. Since 2015, significant upgrades have reduced the proportion of 2-star and 1-star roads by increasing their star ratings to a minimum of 3 stars.

In Tamil Nadu, the proportion of roads rated 3 stars or better for vehicle occupants rose from 22 percent to 89 percent, while in Uttar Pradesh, this rating improved from 29 percent to 91 percent, highlighting substantial gains in design quality and road user safety.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Centreline Rumble Strips.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Curvature.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Delineation.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Facilities for Bicycles.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Facilities for Motorcycles.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Grade.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Intersection Type.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Intersection Channelisation.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Intersection Quality.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Lane Width.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Median Type.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Number of Lanes.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Operating Speed and Mean Speed.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Paved Shoulder Width.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Pedestrian Crossing Facilities.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Pedestrian Crossing Quality.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Pedestrian Fencing.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Property Access Points.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Quality of Curve.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Road Condition.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Roadside Severity – Object.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Roadside Severity – Distance.

Covers the range of advance warning provided for schools

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Service Road.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Shoulder Rumble Strips.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Sidewalk Provision.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Sight Distance Restriction.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Skid Resistance/Grip.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Speed Management/ Traffic Calming.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Street Lighting.

Describes the road attribute risk factors used in the iRAP methodology for Vehicle Parking.

Provides a complete list of citations used in the selection of iRAP road attribute risk factors.

Provides an overview of the Star Rating and Safer Roads Investment Plan development history.

Provides an overview of Star Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plan model version management.

Lists the road attributes included in iRAP assessments.

Provides an overview of the road users, crash types and crash initiation modes used in the models.

Describes External Flow Influence factors.

Describes the iRAP Star Rating Score equations.

Describes the Star Rating bands and how they were set.

Provides an overview of the process used to smooth Star Ratings

Includes a worked example of the way in which Star Ratings are calculated.

Describes how the number of casualties is estimated and models are calibrated.

Describes the road safety countermeasures used in the methodology.

Describes how the effectiveness of a countermeasure is estimated when used with others.

Describes the economic analysis used to prioritise countermeasure options.

Describes the background research and development associated with the Star Rating for Schools methodology.

This factsheet provides an overview of the functionality provided to localise the Star Rating and Safer Roads Investment Plans.

These Brand Guidelines define how iRAP is represented visually, verbally and through data. These guidelines work alongside the iRAP Star Rating & Risk Mapping Technical Standards. 

This report initiated by GPAC outlines the seven keys to implementation success based on case studies from iRAP partnerships around the world.

This report aims to present the methodological steps and attributes used in big data screening approach of the Ai&Me Project, Vietnam.

This report is the summation of a detailed evaluation of the CycleRAP model and literature review, with the aim of strengthening the link between the model and available evidence.

This report highlights how Speed Management is an important part of the Safe System Approach and how a simple speed variation can impact the safety of all road users.

iRAP was invited to assess risk on the national highway connecting the city of Cagayan de Oro – to the city of Davao “the provincial capital of Mindanao” – and to the city of General Santos.

Tackling the Transition to Automated vehicles 2018: This paper takes our knowledge of crash types and frequencies and considers how each might change as increasingly-automated vehicles enter the fleet.

iRAP was invited to systematically assess risk on a sample of recently completed FMRs and FMR designs.

This report communicates the objectives and the results of the PakistanRAP assessments for National Highway 5 (N-5).

Answers to common technical and data management queries.

This consolidated reference guide fully describes the iRAP models and risk factors, as well as the evidence which underpins these.

Details the changes made to the crash risk models, risk factors and coding guidance.

This manual assists with the planning, preparation and management of a project for iRAP road assessment or related activities.

Provide practical guidance on using iRAP Star Ratings and FSI estimates to measure, compare and report road safety performance over time.

Designed to assist those who want to undertake or procure iRAP-specification activities. It can be used as the basis of a project plan, contract and/or in the process of engaging practitioners to deliver services.

Sets out the requirements for an inspection system to gain iRAP accreditation, which relates to road surveys and coding systems that are used as part of the process of producing Star Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plans (SRIP).

Presents guidelines for the collection of road survey data, which is part of the process of producing Star Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plans (SRIP).

Presents guidelines for the coding of road attribute data, which is part of the process of producing Star Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plans (SRIP).

Presents guidelines for the coding of supporting data, producing Star Ratings and tailoring Safer Road Investment Plans, analysis and reporting, performance tracking and implementation support.

Introduces ViDA, iRAP’s online analysis and reporting tool, and provides instructions for accessing ViDA, creating a ViDA account and accessing Star Ratings and Safer Road Investment Plan (SRIP) results.

These guides provide instructions on how to use SR4D I and II, web applications in ViDA which can be used to code existing roads and road designs. Spanish and Portuguese versions of the SR4D II User Guide are coming soon.

This specification sets out the requirements for road coding data files to be uploaded into ViDA.

Provides an overview of the Star Rating and Safer Roads Investment Plan processes and a list of fact sheets in the series.

The manual provides policy makers and practitioners with advice on how Road Safety Audits (RSA) and iRAP assessments can be used together during the design, upgrade, and rehabilitation of roads to meet safety targets and reduce injuries from traffic crashes.

This details the principles of the Crash Risk Mapping protocol, how networks are constructed and the rationale for the selection of routes and their related parameters in building a dataset.

RAPIDO is a tool developed by iRAP to enable quick, data-driven estimations of road safety risk across road networks and road corridors.